Justified True Belief

(●) Aristotle, a student of Plato from the city of Stagira, became one of the most comprehensive and systematic thinkers in history. He developed formal logic, a detailed account of causality and change, and an ethics centered on virtue and human flourishing (eudaimonia). In metaphysics he distinguished between act and potency, substance and accidents, and argued for the existence of an unmoved mover: a necessary, eternal, immaterial source of all motion and order in the universe. In ethics and politics, he taught that human beings have a natural end and that moral and civic life should be ordered toward the cultivation of virtue. Aristotelian ideas about being, causality, teleology, and the highest good became foundational for classical Christian theism and natural law theory; theologians such as Thomas Aquinas drew extensively on Aristotle’s concepts of first cause, final causality, and virtue to articulate philosophical arguments for God’s existence, providence, and the objective moral law.

(Q) "There is something which moves without being moved, being eternal, substance and actuality; and this is what we call God." + Source: Aristotle, Metaphysics XII.7 (1072a24–26).

(Q) "The good for man is an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue, and if there are more kinds of virtue than one, in accordance with the best and most complete." + Source: Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics I.7 (1098a16–18).

(Q) "Nature does nothing in vain." + Source: Aristotle, Politics I.2 (1253a8–9) and throughout his works, expressing his teleological view that natural beings act for ends.

(Q) "One must begin by observing that the law is a rule of reason, and the function of the law is to prescribe the right education that makes us good." + Source: Paraphrase of Aristotle’s teaching in Nicomachean Ethics II.1–2 and X.9, where he describes law as a rational guide ordered to virtue and the common good.